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Notes on the Conjugation Tables
| Class-[I] | Class-[II]
|
|---|
| kaeru (``to change'') | kaeru (``to return'')
|
| iru (``to be'') | iru (``to be necessary'')
|
| kiru (``to wear'') | kiru (``to cut'')
|
| | shiru; hairu; hashiru
|
| Sound Change
|
|---|
| t-u | -> | tsu
|
| t-i | -> | chi
|
| s-i | -> | shi
|
| Sound Change | Comments
|
|---|
| a-t | -> | att
| ...similarly for e-t, i-t, o-t, u-t
|
| b-t | -> | nd
| ...identically for m-t, n-t
|
| g-t | -> | id
|
| k-t | -> | it
| ...except for the verb iku,
which changes from ik-t to itt
|
| r-t | -> | tt
|
| s-t | -> | shit
|
| Sound Change | Comments
|
|---|
| a-a | -> | awa
| ...similarly for e-a, i-a, o-a, u-a
|
| a-o | -> | ayo
| ...similarly for e-o, i-o, o-o, u-o
|
| Sound Change
|
|---|
| a-u | -> | ou
|
| i-u | -> | iuu
|
| shi-u | -> | shuu
|
| o-u | -> | ou
|
For the Polite Negative Present (-masen [D]), the desu is dropped leaving just the ending -masen. The ending -mas- is slightly irregular:
| Sound Change
|
|---|
| -mas-oo | -> | -mashoo
|
| -mas-eba | -> | -masureba
|
The honorary verbs kudasaru, nasaru, gozaru, irassharu, ossharu drop the r in their Imperative forms kudasai (etc.) and the Polite forms kudasaimas- (etc.).
This special Potential form may ony be used for transitive class-[II] verbs. Other verbs can be made potential by appending the expression koto ga deki-[I] to the simple Present form of the verb. The Passive can also function as a potential (particularly for class-[I] verbs).
Nara and nareba are really forms of naru.
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